Lecture 3.

Coupled Finite Element Method / Time-Dependent Magnetic Field
Instructor Dániel Marcsa (lecturer) Lectures: Monday, 14:50 - 16:25 (D201), 16:30 - 17:15 (D105) Office hours: by request	Teaching Assistants: - Office hours: -.

Quasistatic Electromagnetic Field

The most important case for electromagnetic equipment (sensors, actuators, motors, etc.) is the quasistatic case often referred to as the eddy current or magnetodynamic case. For quasistatic electromagnetic field we can neglect the displacement current density term [math]\partial \vec{D}/\partial t[/math], which gives Maxwell's equations to the following form

[math]\nabla\times\vec{H}=\vec{J}[/math]	Ampere's law,
[math]\nabla\times\vec{E}=-\frac{\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t}[/math]	Faraday's law,
[math]\nabla\cdot\vec{B}(\vec{r},t)=0[/math]	Gauss's law (magnetic).

Magnetic Vector Potential and Electric Scalar Potential

According to [math]\nabla\cdot\vec{B}(\vec{r},t)=0[/math] the magnetic flux density is conservative and therefore can be described by the curl of a vector

[math] \vec{B} = \nabla\times\vec{A}[/math],

where [math]\vec{A}[/math] is the magnetic vector potential [Wb/m]. Substituting this expression into Faraday's law results in

[math]\nabla\times\vec{E}=-\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left(\nabla\times\vec{A}\right)=-\nabla\times\left(\frac{\partial\vec{A}}{\partial t}\right) \to \nabla\times\left(\vec{E}+\frac{\partial\vec{A}}{\partial t}\right)=\vec{0}[/math],

because rotation (i.e. derivative by space) and derivation by time can be replaced. The curl-less vector field [math]\vec{E}+\partial\vec{A}/\partial t[/math] can be derived from the so-called electric scalar potential [math]V[/math] ([math]\nabla\times\nabla\varphi\equiv0[/math], for any scalar function [math]\varphi=\varphi(\vec{r})[/math], or [math]\varphi=\varphi(\vec{r},t)[/math]),

[math]\vec{E}+\frac{\partial\vec{A}}{\partial t}=-\nabla V[/math],

and the [math]\vec{E}[/math] electric field intensity vector can be described by two potentials as

[math]\vec{E}=-\frac{\partial\vec{A}}{\partial t}-\nabla V[/math].

Substituting expression of [math]\vec{B}\lt/math and \ltmath\gt\vec{E}\lt/math into Faraday's law leads to the partial differential equation \ltmath\gt\nabla\times\left(\frac{1}{\mu}\nabla\times\vec{A}\right)=-\frac{\partial\vec{A}}{\partial t}-\nabla V[/math].